Why use Django in a world where everything is Javascript? Is it really worth learning a Python Framework in an ecosystem that insists on Frameworks written in Javascript? Well, I think so, and here are some of the reasons why you should use Django. And, in order not to lose objectivity, I will talk about the advantages as well as the disadvantages; you know that no solution is perfect.&#xA;The advantages of Django Django is a batteries included framework, that covers practically all the needs of an interactive website, from protection against the most common attacks such as SQL injection, CSRF, XSS, COOP.

Why should you use Django Framework?

Ngnix throttling allows us to limit the number of requests to a certain user. This is useful to prevent excessive requests from a user from keeping the system busy. On the other hand, it is also a way to deter brute force password attempts or even DDOS attacks.&#xA;If you are looking to optimize the performance of an application using Nginx I have a post where I give you some &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://coffeebytes.dev/en/nginx-keepalive-gzip-http2-better-performance-on-your-website/">recommendations to improve nginx performance</a>&#xA;&#xA;<h2 id="the-bucket-algorithm">The bucket algorithm</h2>&#xA;Nginx will handle throttling as if it were a bucket with holes in it: the water that goes into the bucket comes out the bottom. If we increase the flow and the bucket fills faster than it flows out of the holes the bucket will overflow.&#xA;<a href="images/cubeta_-1.jpg" aria-label="A bucket dripping illustration">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="245" height="400" loading="lazy" src="images/cubeta_-1.jpg" alt="A bucket dripping illustration"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;The water that enters first through the bucket exits first (FIFO). If the flow is sufficient, the bucket overflows.&#xA;In the above example, the requests represent the water; any excessive increase in requests will overflow and be lost. Requests that were already in the bucket will leave the bucket first, i.e., they will be processed as they arrive (a FIFO queue).&#xA;<h2 id="limit_req_zone-sets-throttling-values">limit_req_zone sets throttling values</h2>&#xA;Let&rsquo;s open our configuration file for our website. If you use the default configuration it is in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default and we will place the following:&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx">limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=mylimit:10m rate=10r/s;&#xA;</code></pre></div>limit_req_zone will set the parameters that the throttling will have:&#xA;<ul>&#xA;<li>$binary_remote_addr stores the IP address in binary. We can replace it by $remote_addr at a cost of more memory space per IP.</li>&#xA;<li>zone sets the name of the space where our IPs will be stored and its capacity, in 1MB we can fit approximately 16 000 IPs.</li>&#xA;<li>Rate tells us how many requests, &ldquo;r&rdquo;, we will allow, in this case per second.</li>&#xA;</ul>&#xA;<h3 id="limit_req-is-placed-in-the-block-to-be-protected">limit_req is placed in the block to be protected</h3>&#xA;Just because we have set these values does not mean that they will be applied, we must tell Nginx in which block they will be applied.&#xA;limit_req tells nginx the block on which throttling values will be applied, in this case /login/, to prevent brute force password guessing attempts.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx">limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=mylimit:10m rate=10r/s;&#xA;&#xA;server {&#xA; location /login/ {&#xA; limit_req zone=mylimit;&#xA;&#xA; proxy_pass http://my_upstream;&#xA; }&#xA;}&#xA;</code></pre></div>And that&rsquo;s it, now Nginx will have a limit of 10 requests per second for the /login/ address.&#xA;That&rsquo;s all well and good, but if we make a request and in less than 100 ms we make a second request we would notice that Nginx returns a 503 error, but why, aren&rsquo;t we within the limit of 10 requests per second? The second request has not yet elapsed and there are only 2 requests. Well, yes, but Nginx measures its rates in milliseconds, so our real rate is not 10 r/s.&#xA;<h3 id="rate-measured-in-milliseconds">Rate measured in milliseconds</h3>&#xA;In our example we set the maximum limit to be 10 requests per second, but Nginx measures using milliseconds (ms), so our actual rate is 1r/100ms, i.e. one request every 100 ms.&#xA;<h3 id="burst">Burst</h3>&#xA;But what if two requests are placed effectively in less than 100 ms? That&rsquo;s right, the second would be lost and this may not be what we want, sometimes applications make requests within a few milliseconds of each other. The Burst option takes care of mitigating our strict Throttling policy a bit:&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx">location /login/ {&#xA; limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20;&#xA;&#xA; proxy_pass http://my_upstream;&#xA;}&#xA;</code></pre></div>What exactly does burst do? **Burst sets the size of a queue. Any request made within 100 ms will be placed in this queue, in this case with a size of 20 requests. Our queue will dispatch a request every 100 ms. Any request that arrives when the queue is full (greater than 20) will be discarded.&#xA;But, now we are in another predicament, imagine a queue at the limit of its capacity, with 20 requests. The penultimate value will have to wait 1.8 seconds before being dispatched, while the last one will take 2.0 seconds. That&rsquo;s a lot!&#xA;<h3 id="nodelay">Nodelay</h3>&#xA;With the nodelay parameter, Nginx marks as &ldquo;busy&rdquo; the queue slots we defined in burst, but does not wait 100 ms to dispatch each one, but dispatches them as fast as it can and then releases the queue slots at a rate of 100 ms. So now the last items in the queue will not wait for seconds to elapse before being processed, but will be processed immediately, still preserving the request limit.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx">location /login/ {&#xA; limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay;&#xA;&#xA; proxy_pass http://my_upstream;&#xA;}&#xA;</code></pre></div>This post is based on &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/rate-limiting-nginx/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the official Nginx Throttling documentation</a>&#xA;. If you want to learn more about this topic visit the official documentation.&#xA;

Ngnix throttling allows us to limit the number of requests to a certain user. This is useful to prevent excessive requests from a user from keeping the system busy. On the other hand, it is also a way to deter brute force password attempts or even DDOS attacks.&#xA;If you are looking to optimize the performance of an application using Nginx I have a post where I give you some recommendations to improve nginx performance The bucket algorithm Nginx will handle throttling as if it were a bucket with holes in it: the water that goes into the bucket comes out the bottom.

Throttling on Nginx

Python 3.10 was announced and it comes with something that many developers were missing from other languages: the switch statement. Yes, that piece of code that evaluates an expression and compares it with multiple cases to decide what to execute. Python did not have it implemented and many developers resorted to certain tricks to imitate it.&#xA;I remind you that if you don&rsquo;t know anything about Python I have a post where I talk about the &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://coffeebytes.dev/en/learn-python-from-scratch-with-this-free-book/">book &ldquo;Inmersion en Python&rdquo;</a>&#xA;; one of the best free books to learn Python from scratch.&#xA;<h2 id="switch-in-python-310">Switch in Python 3.10</h2>&#xA;As of Python 3.10, provided the developers do not retract, the switch statement, which we will call by its name, match, from now on, will be written as follows:&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">match subject:&#xA; case &lt;pattern_1&gt;:&#xA; &lt;action_1&gt;&#xA; case &lt;pattern_2&gt;:&#xA; &lt;action_2&gt;&#xA; case &lt;pattern_3&gt;:&#xA; &lt;action_3&gt;&#xA; case _:&#xA; &lt;action_wildcard&#xA;</code></pre></div>The case followed by the underscore will function as the default case in case the pattern does not match any other. That is, the equivalent of default in languages like Javascript.&#xA;Let&rsquo;s look at an example:&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">def genera_monstruo(tipo):&#xA; match tipo:&#xA; case &#34;Dementor&#34;:&#xA; return &#34;Genera Dementor&#34;&#xA; case &#34;Aswang&#34;:&#xA; return &#34;Genera Aswang&#34;&#xA; case &#34;Kapre&#34;:&#xA; return &#34;Genera Kapre&#34;&#xA; case _:&#xA; return &#34;Genera Goblin&#34;&#xA;</code></pre></div><h3 id="guard">Guard</h3>&#xA;The new match also includes an extra function called Guard, in which a condition is evaluated after the case. **If the case matches, but the condition is not met, it will jump to the next case block.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">match subject:&#xA; case &lt;pattern_1&gt; if condition: # Si condition evalua a False se procederá al siguiente case&#xA; &lt;action_1&gt;&#xA; case &lt;pattern_2&gt;:&#xA; &lt;action_2&gt;&#xA; case &lt;pattern_3&gt;:&#xA; &lt;action_3&gt;&#xA; case _:&#xA; &lt;action_wildcard&#xA;</code></pre></div>And note that the subject can be a string, an object, a tuple or an instance of a class.&#xA;<h2 id="switch-in-python-before-version-310">Switch in Python before version 3.10</h2>&#xA;If you don&rsquo;t already have Python 3.10 you can mimic the operation of a switch with an endless string of ifs or elifs like this:&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">valor = &#34;caso_n&#34;&#xA;if valor == &#34;caso_1&#34;:&#xA; pass&#xA;if valor == &#34;caso_2&#34;:&#xA; pass&#xA;if valor == &#34;caso_3&#34;:&#xA; pass&#xA;</code></pre></div>Or by resorting to slightly more sophisticated techniques:&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">def evalua_caso(caso, *args):&#xA; switch = {&#34;caso 1&#34;: &#34;procesando caso 1&#34;, &#34;caso 2&#34;: &#34;procesando caso 2&#34;, &#34;caso 3&#34;: &#34;procesando caso 3&#34;}&#xA; return switch.get(caso, &#34;Procesando caso por defecto&#34;)&#xA;&#xA;valor = &#34;caso 1&#34;&#xA;evalua_caso(valor)&#xA;</code></pre></div>The values of each key in the dictionary can be replaced by functions to have even more control over the flow of the program.&#xA;<h2 id="other-changes-included-in-python-310">Other changes included in Python 3.10</h2>&#xA;Besides the new match, Python 3.10 brings other changes and additions to the language, which are quite a few but I will summarize the ones I consider the most important:&#xA;<h3 id="parentheses-in-context-handlers">Parentheses in context handlers</h3>&#xA;You can now use parentheses along multiple lines in context handlers (statements starting with &hellip; as).&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">with (&#xA; CtxManager1(),&#xA; CtxManager2()&#xA;):&#xA; ...&#xA;</code></pre></div><h3 id="clearer-error-messages-on-key-matching">Clearer error messages on key matching</h3>&#xA;When you make a mistake closing a brace or parenthesis the interpreter will warn you explicitly that you forgot to close your brace or parenthesis, instead of just flagging a syntax error.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">File &#34;example.py&#34;, line 1&#xA; expected = {9: 1, 18: 2, 19: 2, 27: 3, 28: 3, 29: 3, 36: 4, 37: 4,&#xA; ^&#xA;SyntaxError: &#39;{&#39; was never closed&#xA;</code></pre></div><h3 id="you-can-now-use-the-pipe-character-in-typing">You can now use the pipe character in typing</h3>&#xA;The pipe operator &ldquo;|&rdquo; is added to the Python typing module so that you can use it interchangeably with Union.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">def square(number: int | float) -&gt; int | float: # Antes Union[int, float]&#xA; return number ** 2&#xA;</code></pre></div><h3 id="distutils-is-obsolete">Distutils is obsolete</h3>&#xA;The distutils package, used to distribute packages, is marked as deprecated and will be discontinued in Python 3.12.&#xA;These are just some of the changes, if you want to check the complete list of changes please visit &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/3.10.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the official documentation</a>&#xA;&#xA;

Python 3.10 was announced and it comes with something that many developers were missing from other languages: the switch statement. Yes, that piece of code that evaluates an expression and compares it with multiple cases to decide what to execute. Python did not have it implemented and many developers resorted to certain tricks to imitate it.&#xA;I remind you that if you don&rsquo;t know anything about Python I have a post where I talk about the book &ldquo;Inmersion en Python&rdquo; ; one of the best free books to learn Python from scratch.

How to make a switch in Python?

After several weeks posting about Django I wrote a short post about React, about libraries, because man does not live by Python alone. These are some of the libraries that I consider most useful in React. For obvious reasons are excluded React-router, Redux and others too well known. As well as some React Frameworks such as Gatsby, Nextjs, Frontity and others.&#xA;If you want to learn React but don&rsquo;t know Javascript read my post, where I talk about &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://coffeebytes.dev/en/the-best-book-for-learning-modern-javascript/">one of the best books to start with Javascript</a>&#xA;.&#xA;<h2 id="ant-design">Ant Design</h2>&#xA;Ant design is beautiful, yes, there is not much to go into using text. It has lots of components that are visually pleasing and very elegant: buttons, sliders, progress bars, layouts, you know, the basics. Be sure to visit the &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://ant.design/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Ant design website</a>&#xA; to see for yourself all that this library has to offer.&#xA;<a href="images/Ant-design.gif" aria-label="Screenshot of ant design">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="715" height="604" loading="lazy" src="images/Ant-design.gif" alt="Screenshot of ant design"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h2 id="formik">formik</h2>&#xA;Formik is a great library. This library makes working with forms simple and scalable. It allows you to have controlled fields, create validations, reset the form, set a state, handle errors, all with a few lines of code: define an object containing properties with their respective validations and that&rsquo;s it, formik takes care of almost everything.&#xA;Note the validation scheme on the left side consists of an object called ValidationSchema which has the name of the fields and functions that are concatenated to perform the validation. There are functions like min(), max(), oneOf() and many others for almost any type of validation you require. I leave you &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://codesandbox.io/s/zkrk5yldz?file=/index.js" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the link to the sandbox</a>&#xA; &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://codesandbox.io/s/zkrk5yldz?file=/index.js" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a>&#xA; from where I took this example.&#xA;<a href="images/Formik-1.gif" aria-label="Screenshot of Formik code">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1527" height="648" loading="lazy" src="images/Formik-1.gif" alt="Screenshot of Formik code"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h2 id="react-query">React query</h2>&#xA;Every time a request is made to an API there is code that repeats; make the request, display an element indicating that content is being loaded, receive the error or success status and save it to the status. Sound familiar?&#xA;React query takes care of reducing all the repetitive code that handles the whole process of handling web requests by providing us with a special hook from which we can unstructure variables that will facilitate the handling of the response.&#xA;<a href="images/reactQuery.png" aria-label="React query library ">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1417" height="869" loading="lazy" src="images/reactQuery.png" alt="React query library "/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h2 id="react-icons-kit">React-icons-kit</h2>&#xA;Sometimes it is quite annoying to take care of the graphic part of a web page. There are icons on all sides but there are looking for them, sometimes an icon package does not have all the icons we need and we have to combine different. An excellent option to these problems is &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://react-icons-kit.now.sh/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">React-icons-kit</a>&#xA;.&#xA;Before using it remember to check the license of the icons you decide to use, because not all licenses are equally permissive.&#xA;<a href="images/React-icons-kit.gif" aria-label="Screenshot of the React icons kit page">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="735" height="420" loading="lazy" src="images/React-icons-kit.gif" alt="Screenshot of the React icons kit page"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h2 id="the-minimalist-react-preact">The minimalist React: Preact</h2>&#xA;Preact is React, yes, same functions, well, not really all, but the most common ones yes, all in only 3kb. Preact promises to be much faster and lighter than its counterpart because it uses the browser&rsquo;s native addEventListener instead of the synthetic event handler that React uses. It also has unique features that you don&rsquo;t find in React. This library is ideal for applications where performance is a critical factor.&#xA;You can read more about the differences between React and Preact at &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://preactjs.com/guide/v10/differences-to-react/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">their official web site</a>&#xA;&#xA;<a href="images/Preact.jpg" aria-label="Screenshot of Preact page">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1016" height="863" loading="lazy" src="images/Preact.jpg" alt="Screenshot of Preact page"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h2 id="react-admin">React admin</h2>&#xA;React admin is the equivalent of django admin but in React, an interface to perform CRUD operations to your database models. It requires a basic configuration, but once you set it up you&rsquo;re all set. Visit the &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://marmelab.com/react-admin-demo/#/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">React admin demo</a>&#xA; to get to know it.&#xA;<a href="images/ReactAdminInterfaz.png" aria-label="React admin interface">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1911" height="937" loading="lazy" src="images/ReactAdminInterfaz.png" alt="React admin interface"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h2 id="bonus-react-virtualized">Bonus: React Virtualized</h2>&#xA;React virtualized takes care of a problem that looks quite simple at first. Render lists and tabulable information. Just that? Well, yes, but rendering lists with a few elements wouldn&rsquo;t be a problem, would it? React Virtualized&rsquo;s forte is not rendering small lists, but large lists, larger than 1k elements with most of the problems presented already solved and tested.&#xA;Visit &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://bvaughn.github.io/react-virtualized/#/components/List" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the React Virtualized page</a>&#xA; to read the complete documentation.&#xA;<a href="images/ReactVirtualized.gif" aria-label="React Virtualized working to render tables">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="640" height="480" loading="lazy" src="images/ReactVirtualized.gif" alt="React Virtualized working to render tables"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;

After several weeks posting about Django I wrote a short post about React, about libraries, because man does not live by Python alone. These are some of the libraries that I consider most useful in React. For obvious reasons are excluded React-router, Redux and others too well known. As well as some React Frameworks such as Gatsby, Nextjs, Frontity and others.&#xA;If you want to learn React but don&rsquo;t know Javascript read my post, where I talk about one of the best books to start with Javascript .

5 cool React libraries you should know about

You want to use Django to relate one model to another using a foreign key, but the model you want to relate is a different one for each database entry. Django offers a solution to your problem, a generic foreign key called genericForeignKey and the ContentType model, which I talked about earlier.&#xA;The genericForeignkey field type is able to link to different types of models, allowing us to relate any other model to ours. Remember in the previous post I talked about ContentType? Well, now we will give it a practical application. If you want to review the previous post, visit my post where I talk about &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://coffeebytes.dev/en/what-does-the-contenttype-application-do-in-django/">ContentType in Django</a>&#xA;&#xA;<h2 id="the-genericforeignkey-field">The genericForeignKey field</h2>&#xA;Imagine an activity feed that keeps track of what each user does: uploading a video, deleting a song, liking a post, and so on. The target of each user&rsquo;s action will be a different model each time, so we can use genericForeignKey to create our feed.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from django.db import models&#xA;from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType&#xA;from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey&#xA;from django.contrib.auth.models import User&#xA;&#xA;class ActivityStream(models.Model)&#xA; user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)&#xA; action = models.CharField(max_length=128)&#xA; content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)&#xA; object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()&#xA; item = GenericForeignKey(&#39;content_type&#39;, &#39;object_id&#39;)&#xA;</code></pre></div>Below I explain each field of our model:&#xA;user: it is a normal foreign key. It is only to know to which user the activity belongs. Also, being a foreign key, it is mandatory to indicate what will happen if the User model is deleted with on_delete.&#xA;action: will be the action of the user, it is only a text string with the name of the activity, we can limit it to options, but here I will leave it open.&#xA;** content_type: it is the model to which we make reference, the same that is storing in the ContentType table that Django creates automatically. Also, being a foreign key, it is mandatory to indicate what will happen if the _ContentType_type is deleted with on_delete.&#xA;<ul>&#xA;<li>object_id**: the primary key or identifier of the object to which we will refer to.&#xA;** item: is an abstraction that allows you to directly access the object we make reference to with content_type and object_id; this field does not exist in the database.</li>&#xA;</ul>&#xA;<h2 id="creation-of-an-object">Creation of an object</h2>&#xA;Now, to create an object, just pass the instance of an object to the item field, the content_type and object_id fields will be filled automatically. The rest is exactly the same as when you store any instance of an object in the database.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from django.contrib.auth.models import User&#xA;from tuApp.models import tuModelo # Aquí va el modelo de tu app&#xA;&#xA;usuario = User.objects.get(id=1) # Reemplazalo por lo que quieras&#xA;modelo = tuModelo.objects.get(id=1) # Reemplazalo por lo que quieras&#xA;activity = ActivityStream(user=user, action=&#34;accion&#34;, item=modelo)&#xA;activity.save()&#xA;</code></pre></div>Ready, if we now review the template we just created, you will notice that the content_type and object_id fields have been filled automatically.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">activity.object_id&#xA;1&#xA;activity.content_type&#xA;&lt;ContentType: tuModelo | tuModelo&gt;&#xA;</code></pre></div>Now you can use this object to carry out a stream of activities, a history or whatever you prefer.&#xA;Remember that if you want to go deeper into the subject you can visit &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/ref/contrib/contenttypes/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the official Django documentation</a>&#xA;.&#xA;

You want to use Django to relate one model to another using a foreign key, but the model you want to relate is a different one for each database entry. Django offers a solution to your problem, a generic foreign key called genericForeignKey and the ContentType model, which I talked about earlier.&#xA;The genericForeignkey field type is able to link to different types of models, allowing us to relate any other model to ours.

What is Django genericForeignkey for?

Did you know that Django keeps track of each of the models you create for your project in a model called ContentType? Read on to learn about it.&#xA;Sorry for taking so long to write! I&rsquo;ve been busy moving the frontend of my blog to Frontity, a React framework for Wordpress, and also moving to a new apartment. Maybe I&rsquo;ll talk a bit about Frontity in a future post. For now let&rsquo;s get on with it.&#xA;Before we start, if you have no idea what Django is for, visit my post where I talk about (why you should use django)[/en/why-should-you-use-django-framework/] If you&rsquo;ve used Django before, let&rsquo;s move on.&#xA;<h2 id="contenttype-and-models">ContentType and models</h2>&#xA;ContentTypes is a special Django model that registers each of the models that exist within our application, both those that we create and those that are installed by default.&#xA;<h2 id="what-is-contenttype-used-for">What is ContentType used for?</h2>&#xA;ContentType serves to relate models with other models, as if it were a foreign key, but with the advantage that the type of model with which we relate it can be different for each table entry.&#xA;<div class="mermaid">graph TD;&#xA; ContentType-->log_entry;&#xA; ContentType-->permission;&#xA; ContentType-->group;&#xA; ContentType-->user;&#xA; ContentType-->your_model;&#xA;</div>&#xA; &#xA; &#xA; Imagine a simple social network, where we have different types of content; a template for videos, a template for images and a template for text. ContentType allows us to create a model that references any of our three models in a simple way, even if they&rsquo;re completely different models.&#xA;<h2 id="how-to-use-contenttype">How to use ContentType?</h2>&#xA;To exemplify how ContentType works, let&rsquo;s create a django project, with a model:&#xA;Once in our virtual environment, let&rsquo;s install Django&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">pip install django&#xA;</code></pre></div>Let&rsquo;s create a project:&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">django-admin startproject videogameStore&#xA;cd videogameStore&#xA;</code></pre></div>Now we will create an app for our application.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">django-admin startapp videogame&#xA;cd videogame&#xA;</code></pre></div>Once we have our application, we will have to create a template, and, as I already mentioned, Django will automatically register that template in its ContentType application.&#xA;The first thing we will do is open our models.py file and edit the content of the file&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from django.db import models&#xA;&#xA;# Create your models here.&#xA;&#xA;class Videogame(models.Model):&#xA; name = models.CharField(max_length=256)&#xA; created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)&#xA; modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)&#xA;</code></pre></div>We must remember to add our newly created app to our settings.py file.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">INSTALLED_APPS = [&#xA; ...,&#xA; &#39;videogame&#39;&#xA;]&#xA;</code></pre></div>We create the migrations and execute them. Pay attention to how to create migrations for the ContentTypes application in Django.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">python3 manage.py makemigrations&#xA;Migrations for &#39;videogame&#39;:&#xA; videogame/migrations/0001_initial.py&#xA; - Create model Videogame&#xA;python3 manage.py migrate&#xA;Operations to perform:&#xA; Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions, videogame&#xA;Running migrations:&#xA; Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK&#xA; Applying auth.0001_initial... OK&#xA;...&#xA;</code></pre></div>Now we will have a model registered in ContentType. Let&rsquo;s check it directly from Django&rsquo;s shell.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">python manage.py shell&#xA;</code></pre></div>Once in the terminal, let&rsquo;s import the ContentType model.&#xA;<h3 id="how-to-get-models-from-contenttype-in-django">How to get models from ContentType in Django?</h3>&#xA;Just like any other model, we can use your ORM to get the data from the models.&#xA;Each object of the ContentType model will have a property called app_label, and another model, which are the name of the application and the name of the model, respectively.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType&#xA;ContentType.objects.get(app_label=&#39;videogame&#39;, model=&#34;videogame&#34;)&#xA;&lt;ContentType: videogame | videogame&gt;&#xA;</code></pre></div>If you prefer, you can also access the ContentType instance directly from the model using the get_for_model method.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from videogame.models import Videogame&#xA;ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Videogame)&#xA;&lt;ContentType: videogame | videogame&gt;&#xA;</code></pre></div><h2 id="other-models-stored-in-django-contenttype">Other models stored in Django ContentType</h2>&#xA;As you know, each table entry has a unique identifier, the id, see what happens if we access the id of the instance we just created.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">ContentType.objects.get(app_label=&#39;videogame&#39;, model=&#34;videogame&#34;).id&#xA;7&#xA;</code></pre></div>Yes, as you may have already guessed, there are more models registered in the ContentType app. Let&rsquo;s find out what they are.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">&gt;&gt;&gt; ContentType.objects.get(id=1)&#xA;&lt;ContentType: admin | log entry&gt;&#xA;ContentType.objects.get(id=2)&#xA;&lt;ContentType: auth | permission&gt;&#xA;ContentType.objects.get(id=3)&#xA;&lt;ContentType: auth | group&gt;&#xA;ContentType.objects.get(id=4)&#xA;&lt;ContentType: auth | user&gt;&#xA;</code></pre></div>As I already mentioned, each of the default installed apps has its respective models.&#xA;If you want to go deeper into the subject please check &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/ref/contrib/contenttypes/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the official Django documentation</a>&#xA;&#xA;

Did you know that Django keeps track of each of the models you create for your project in a model called ContentType? Read on to learn about it.&#xA;Sorry for taking so long to write! I&rsquo;ve been busy moving the frontend of my blog to Frontity, a React framework for Wordpress, and also moving to a new apartment. Maybe I&rsquo;ll talk a bit about Frontity in a future post. For now let&rsquo;s get on with it.

What does the ContentType application do in Django?

You have used Django before, haven&rsquo;t you? So, you already used some Django command, it could have been makemigrations, migrate, startproject, startapp or some other. But have you ever created any? Maybe you haven&rsquo;t. Read on to learn how.&#xA;<h2 id="how-to-create-a-command-in-django">How to create a command in django</h2>&#xA;To create a django command just create a folder called management at the same level as your manage.py file.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">mkdir management&#xA;</code></pre></div>Subsequently, create a folder called commands inside this folder&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">cd management/&#xA;mkdir commands&#xA;</code></pre></div>Now we position ourselves inside that folder and create a file with the name of our command&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">cd commands/&#xA;touch yourcommand.py&#xA;</code></pre></div>Inside this file we will create a class called Command that inherits from BaseCommand, with a method called handle.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># management/command/yourcommand.py&#xA;from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError&#xA;&#xA;class Command(BaseCommand):&#xA; help = &#39;help text&#39;&#xA;&#xA; def handle(self, *args, **options):&#xA; pass&#xA;</code></pre></div>Inside the handle method we will place the code that will be executed when we use our command.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError&#xA;&#xA;class Command(BaseCommand):&#xA; help = &#39;help text&#39;&#xA;&#xA; def handle(self, *args, **options):&#xA; self.stdout.write(self.style.ERROR(&#34;Error text&#34;))&#xA; self.stdout.write(self.style.WARNING(&#34;Warning text&#34;))&#xA;</code></pre></div>To display text on the terminal we will use self.stdout.write to print text to standard output. We can select from several styles according to what we want to display.&#xA;<h2 id="how-to-add-arguments-to-a-django-command">How to add arguments to a django command</h2>&#xA;Django uses Python&rsquo;s famous &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/argparse.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">argparse</a>&#xA; library to handle the arguments in its commands&#xA;<h3 id="positional-arguments">Positional arguments</h3>&#xA;We can add positional arguments to the command using the add_argument method of parser.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError&#xA;&#xA;class Command(BaseCommand):&#xA; help = &#39;help text&#39;&#xA;&#xA; def add_arguments(self, parser):&#xA; parser.add_argument(&#39;email&#39;, nargs=&#39;+&#39;, type=str)&#xA;</code></pre></div>We specify the name of the positional argument as the first argument, then the number of arguments it will receive. The &lsquo;+&rsquo; symbol states that those arguments will be placed in a list, while type is the type of values the argument will receive.&#xA;You have probably already noticed that the handle function takes *args and **options as arguments. Well, we can access the values through the options dictionary.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError&#xA;&#xA;class Command(BaseCommand):&#xA; help = &#39;help text&#39;&#xA;&#xA; def add_arguments(self, parser):&#xA; parser.add_argument(&#39;email&#39;, nargs=&#39;+&#39;, type=str)&#xA;&#xA; def handle(self, *args, **options):&#xA; # options[&#39;email&#39;] is a list&#xA; send_emails(options[&#39;email&#39;])&#xA;</code></pre></div><h3 id="optional-arguments-in-a-django-command">Optional arguments in a django command</h3>&#xA;What if I want optional arguments? Yes, that is also possible.&#xA;The Command class, through its parser, also allows us to use optional arguments.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError&#xA;&#xA;class Command(BaseCommand):&#xA; help = &#39;help text&#39;&#xA;&#xA; def add_arguments(self, parser):&#xA;&#xA; # Named (optional) arguments&#xA; parser.add_argument(&#xA; &#39;--file&#39;,&#xA; nargs=&#39;?&#39;,&#xA; const=&#39;logo.svg&#39;,&#xA; type=str,&#xA; help=&#39;this is help text&#39;,&#xA; )&#xA;&#xA; def handle(self, *args, **options):&#xA; if options[&#39;file&#39;].endswith(&#39;.svg&#39;):&#xA; process_svg()&#xA;</code></pre></div>Now you are probably wondering what all those arguments we pass to add_argument mean.&#xA;I&rsquo;ll tell you right now:&#xA;<ul>&#xA;<li>Prefix &lsquo;&ndash;&rsquo;: tells Argparse that it is an optional argument.</li>&#xA;<li>nargs: indicates the number of values our argument can receive, the &lsquo;+&rsquo; symbol in this case is for one or none.</li>&#xA;<li>const: is the value to use if we do not specify any value for the argument.</li>&#xA;<li>type: tells us the type of data our argument expects.</li>&#xA;<li>help: is the help text to display.</li>&#xA;</ul>&#xA;<h2 id="execute-a-custom-django-command">Execute a custom django command</h2>&#xA;And how do we execute it? Easy; just like you would do for any other django command.&#xA;<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">python manage.py yourcommand&#xA;# with one position argument&#xA;python managa.py yourcommand email admin@example.org&#xA;# with an optional argument&#xA;python manage.py yourcommand --file=your_file.ext&#xA;</code></pre></div>There, if you&rsquo;ve read the whole thing, you now know the basics of creating django commands. But don&rsquo;t stop there, visit &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/howto/custom-management-commands/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the official django documentation</a>&#xA; to learn more.&#xA;

You have used Django before, haven&rsquo;t you? So, you already used some Django command, it could have been makemigrations, migrate, startproject, startapp or some other. But have you ever created any? Maybe you haven&rsquo;t. Read on to learn how.&#xA;How to create a command in django To create a django command just create a folder called management at the same level as your manage.py file.&#xA;mkdir management Subsequently, create a folder called commands inside this folder

How to create a command in django?

Are you choosing a hosting service but don&rsquo;t know which one to choose? Surely you have already had contact with Digital Ocean&rsquo;s advertising but you want to hear a real opinion of what they have to offer. I&rsquo;ve been using Digital Ocean for my personal projects for several years and I&rsquo;ll tell you about my experience and what you can find if you decide to hire their services.&#xA;Sign up using &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://m.do.co/c/a22240ebb8e7" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">my affiliate link</a>&#xA; and receive $200 USD to spend on Digital Ocean.&#xA;<h2 id="differences-between-iaas-and-paas">differences between IAAS and PAAS</h2>&#xA;I&rsquo;m pretty sure you&rsquo;ve considered using Vercel, Netifly, Heroku or another modern hosting service for your application (probably made in Javascript). But, is it the same? Well, here&rsquo;s a little clarification, just in case you don&rsquo;t know; there are different types of companies for online services; IAAS, Infrastructure as a service; and PAAS, platform as a service.&#xA;If you already know this, skip to the Droplet&rsquo;s section.&#xA;<h3 id="iaas">IAAS</h3>&#xA;Translated into English as &ldquo;infrastructure as a service&rdquo;. Put in simpler words: they rent you the infrastructure, storage space and network access to it. In other words, a server with an operating system on which you are responsible for the details of the configuration.&#xA;This gives you total control over the server, you decide absolutely everything. This can be a good or bad thing. If you know exactly what you are doing, you can customize it according to your needs for maximum performance and efficiency. On the other hand, it means that you have to decide every detail yourself, with all the burden that implies, because everything will come with its default values and these may not be the right ones for your application.&#xA;If you want to customize something, you will have to get into the terminal via ssh, use cpanel or any other means that allows you to modify the system values.&#xA;The companies that stand out here are AWS EC2, Digital Ocean and Linode, to name a few.&#xA;<h3 id="paas">PAAS</h3>&#xA;There are also PAAS which, translated, means &ldquo;Platform as a Service&rdquo;. That is, they will take care of all the server configuration, so that you only focus on developing your application. Here you forget to deal with a server configuration such as Nginx, Apache; your hosting provider takes care of everything, they decide all the details to serve your application.&#xA;Imagine the level of specialization that Vercel has, being the creators of NextJS, to serve each of its applications made with this technology.&#xA;Generally, in a PAAS, the configuration of server aspects such as environment variables and the like is done through a web page interface, in a more user-friendly way.&#xA;Heroku, Netifly, Vercel and others stand out in this category.&#xA;Now let&rsquo;s move on to Digital Ocean.&#xA;<h2 id="droplets-in-digital-ocean">Droplets in Digital Ocean</h2>&#xA;Digital Ocean works with Droplets, which are virtual servers that are rented to you. When you create a Droplet you can choose different operating systems and versions. You can access the terminal of any Droplet through its web page or through the &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://coffeebytes.dev/en/linux-basic-commands-grep-ls-cd-cat-cp-rm-scp/">ssh command</a>&#xA;.&#xA;Once you create a Droplet this is available in less than a minute.&#xA;<a href="images/Droplets-de-digital-ocean.png" aria-label="Images available for Digital Ocean droplets">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1272" height="508" loading="lazy" src="images/Droplets-de-digital-ocean.png" alt="Images available for Digital Ocean droplets"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h3 id="customized-images-in-do">Customized images in DO</h3>&#xA;If you don&rsquo;t want to start from a &ldquo;blank&rdquo; operating system you can opt for some more specific images that include pre-installed software for the most popular software requirements: web development, data science, blogging, frameworks, media, storage, elearning, ecommerce, etc.&#xA;There you will find Django, Nodejs, Magento, Wordpress, Ghost, MongoDB and other applications.&#xA;<h3 id="droplets-according-to-your-needs">Droplets according to your needs</h3>&#xA;Digital Ocean also has specialized Droplets, either in CPU, memory or storage and a general purpose version.&#xA;The most basic, and cheapest, version is a shared CPU, in exchange for offering you the best prices.&#xA;<a href="images/Droplets-purpose.png" aria-label="Types of plans for Digital Ocean">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1273" height="163" loading="lazy" src="images/Droplets-purpose.png" alt="Types of plans for Digital Ocean"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h3 id="the-cheap-droplets-of-do">The cheap Droplets of DO</h3>&#xA;And now I&rsquo;m sure you&rsquo;re wondering how much it costs me. Well, the answer is obvious: it depends.&#xA;Just to give you an idea, the cheapest Droplet costs <del>$5 usd per month</del> $4 usd per month. That&rsquo;s practically nothing and for a small website it&rsquo;s usually more than enough. By way of comparison, Vercel hosts your application for free with certain limitations, their next plan, at the time of writing this article, costs $20 usd per month.&#xA;Notice how all plans handle storage with an SSD.&#xA;<a href="images/Precios-digital-ocean.gif" aria-label="Prices of the different plans offered by Digital Ocean">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1350" height="502" loading="lazy" src="images/Precios-digital-ocean.gif" alt="Prices of the different plans offered by Digital Ocean"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h3 id="cloud-provider-with-servers-around-the-world">Cloud provider with servers around the world</h3>&#xA;Digital Ocean has servers in different locations around the world. So you always have an option close to your customers.&#xA;I have tried the servers in the United States, due to the proximity to Mexico, and I have not had any problem.&#xA;<a href="images/diferentes-ubicaciones-droplets-digital-ocean.png" aria-label="Digital Ocean Server Locations">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1260" height="383" loading="lazy" src="images/diferentes-ubicaciones-droplets-digital-ocean.png" alt="Digital Ocean Server Locations"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;<h2 id="other-services-available-on-digital-ocean">Other services available on Digital Ocean</h2>&#xA;Remember I told you that there were IAAS and PAAS companies? Well, the truth is a little bit more complicated, many IAAS companies have grown a lot and have started to provide PAAS type services. And, as you might expect, Digital Ocean has not been left behind.&#xA;It has little time offering the integration and deployment of your applications using your Github or Gitlab repositories. You put in the code and they compile and run your project.&#xA;<a href="images/Digital-Ocean-Apps.png" aria-label="Apps Service">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1252" height="767" loading="lazy" src="images/Digital-Ocean-Apps.png" alt="Apps Service"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;Digital Ocean also offers CDN services, called spaces, compatible with S3 from $5 usd per month.&#xA;<h3 id="kubernetes">Kubernetes</h3>&#xA;Digital Ocean provides Kubernetes clusters with storage and load balancers with a few clicks.&#xA;<h3 id="apps">Apps</h3>&#xA;The apps are similar to a serverless solution, you connect your github, gitlab or bitbucket account with digital Ocean and you can upload Node apps or static files for them to serve, you can even specify them to run the compilation or any command you want. This is, so far, the cheapest solution offered by Digital Ocean and it is excellent for handling Frontend applications.&#xA;<h3 id="volumes">Volumes</h3>&#xA;They are extra space that you add to the droplets to increase their capacity, as if you were connecting an extra hard disk to them.&#xA;<h3 id="databases">Databases</h3>&#xA;Self-managed databases with automatic backups and optional encryption. Handles Postgres, MongoDB, MySQL and Redis.&#xA;<h2 id="digital-ocean-vs-aws-vs-azure">Digital Ocean vs AWS vs Azure</h2>&#xA;Digital Ocean is a service focused more on small and medium projects, it does not have as many solutions as AWS or Azure. For example, it does not have solutions in artificial intelligence for IT security analysis, big data analysis or other SaaS options. But, in exchange for these shortcomings that leave it up to developers, it offers much more competitive prices than the big players.&#xA;<h2 id="my-experience-using-digital-ocean">My experience using Digital Ocean</h2>&#xA;I have used Digital Ocean to host personal projects and also to manage my domains. I haven&rsquo;t had any problems with down servers so far, or at least not that I&rsquo;ve noticed or any user has brought it to my attention. In fact, right now you are reading this <del>from a Droplet using a headless Wordpress and frontend frontity (A React framework) served with Nginx</del> Hugo and hosted at Digital Ocean. This blog uses <del>the cheapest service, the $5 usd</del> App service, which costs around $3 usd, and the truth is that for the amount of traffic I have it doesn&rsquo;t feel slow and has decent Lighthouse metrics, no caching of any kind or any sophistication.&#xA;<a href="images/Coffeebytes-lighthose-indicadores.png" aria-label="Indicadores de Lighthose para coffeebytes.dev">&#xA;&#xA; <img class="md-image" width="1228" height="825" loading="lazy" src="images/Coffeebytes-lighthose-indicadores.png" alt="Indicadores de Lighthose para coffeebytes.dev"/>&#xA;&#xA;</a>&#xA;It should be clarified that I did modify some things from the default settings to have a better performance. For example, enabling HTTP2, instead of the default HTTP, as well as installing the HTTP certificate using cerbot in the terminal, as the default installation did not include it. Extra tasks that other hosting services would have solved for me, such as &#xA;&#xA;<a class="markdown-link" href="https://coffeebytes.dev/en/my-experience-using-easywp-and-namecheap/">easywp</a>&#xA;.&#xA;<h2 id="summarizing-my-experience-using-do">Summarizing my experience using DO</h2>&#xA;My experience has been quite good, with no complaints in terms of the performance they promise.&#xA;If you don&rsquo;t want to mess with Apache, Nginx or any other server configurations, maybe a Droplet from Digital Ocean is not your best option.&#xA;On the other hand, Digital Ocean offers one of the best costs to start a project; $3 usd for the most basic package (Apps) is an incredibly low price for static or Frontend based pages only.&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA; &#xA; <a target="_blank" rel=”nofollow” href="https://m.do.co/c/a22240ebb8e7">&#xA; If you decide to try it, I&#39;ll give you $200 USD to try and see for yourself what Digital Ocean has to offer, just click on this banner.</a>&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;

Are you choosing a hosting service but don&rsquo;t know which one to choose? Surely you have already had contact with Digital Ocean&rsquo;s advertising but you want to hear a real opinion of what they have to offer. I&rsquo;ve been using Digital Ocean for my personal projects for several years and I&rsquo;ll tell you about my experience and what you can find if you decide to hire their services.&#xA;Sign up using my affiliate link and receive $200 USD to spend on Digital Ocean.

Digital Ocean, analysis and my experience as a user

Wish your Django app could handle a million hits? This post is a compilation of articles, books, and videos I&rsquo;ve read on how to take a Django application to its maximum capabilities, I&rsquo;ve even implemented some of these recommendations myself.&#xA;It&rsquo;s also a good time to remember that if your application is just starting out, you probably shouldn&rsquo;t obsess about its performance&hellip; yet .&#xA;Reduce slow queries in Django As you know, database access is usually the bottleneck of most applications.

How to scale a Django app to serve one million users?

Updated to 2024: If you&rsquo;ve used only Python or only Javascript, you&rsquo;re probably a little curious to know what the other one looks like. I&rsquo;ve used both and I can tell you a bit about the differences and some things in common that both languages have, so you can find the best one for you in 2024.&#xA;I also have a comparison of Python vs go that you can check out.

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